Human Bioscience Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Human Bioscience - Essay Example Something that is endemic is typically restricted or peculiar to a locality or region†. The opposite of this word will be Epidemic which means sudden severe outbreak of any disease. (2) So, as per the terminology clarification, that particular sentence can be described with more clarity – â€Å"There is a high morbidity (Illness) associated with Tripudiovirus and while it is endemic (Present in low frequency)in the tropics there is almost no Seroprevalence ( Frequency in the population) in the mainland Australian population. â€Å" The structure of Bacteria looks like this. The cell consists of the cell walls and nucleosids The reason that makes bacteria vulnerable to antibiotics is the Cell wall itself. The antibiotics like amoxicillin or other stains of antibiotics directly interacts with the cell wall, breaks the same and the spreading is inhibited. It is the common practice of all the antibiotics but the same thing can not be applied against viruses. III. The Bacteria at first penetrate inside the cell. Then they produce more number of bacteria that rapture the cell wall. Thus the infection been spread fro cell to tissue and so on, causing a general state of morbidity. III. Offers much different way of cell destruction. Look wise virus is much smaller then the bacteria and it attack the healthy cell. The cell engulfs the virus and the virus start producing own set of instructions and would throw the normal cell function out of gear. As a result, the healthy cell start producing the viral protein in lieu of normal protein and thus the cell was flooded with viral substances. Some virus even can copy the genetic code triggering further damage. The structure of viruses is different all together. As per one statement, the activity of virus is perhaps best discussed goes like that-â€Å"Viruses are different from all other forms of life in that they generally do not have any "internal machinery" of their own. A bacterial cell is able to carry out its

The Schlesinger Polls and the Reasons behind the Change Essay Example for Free

The Schlesinger Polls and the Reasons behind the Change Essay Americans love to take polls. They rank everything from Hollywood scandals to insects, and they often reflect the state of mind of the American people at the time of the ranking. This propensity for opinion polls has been carried over to the equally American love of criticizing the government and the people in it, especially Presidents. One only has to turn on the television to watch spoofs about George W. Bush to get an idea of this. Presidential ranking was begun by historian Arthur Schlesinger whom in 1948 polled 55 scholars. He took a second poll in 1962 in which 34th president Dwight D. Eisenhower placed 22nd, a little over year after his second term of president. What is interesting to note that when son Arthur Schlesinger, Jr. , following in his father’s footsteps took another poll in 1996, Eisenhower placed 10th. Prior to this 1996 poll, other polls showed a similar tendency to elevate Eisenhower in the presidential rankings, with 2000 C-SPAN Poll placing him at ninth place. (Watson and Berger) This paper will provide some insights into the possible reasons for these shifts in opinions in the case of Eisenhower from a historical perspective. I. Brief background on Eisenhower Dwight David Eisenhower, popularly referred to as â€Å"Ike† was born in Texas in 1890, the 3rd of seven boys. He was brought up in Abilene Kansas and was a West Point graduate who became stationed in Texas as a second lieutenant where he met and married Mamie Geneva Doud. (â€Å"Dwight D. Eisenhower†) Ike was an excellent staff man, rapidly rising in the Army ranks under generals such as John J. Pershing, Douglas MacArthur, and Walter Krueger. His performance as supreme commander over the NATO forces in 1951 led to his nomination as Republic presidential candidate, with the slogan â€Å"I like Ike† leading him to the White House. (â€Å"Dwight D. Eisenhower†) A successful soldier and military leader, Ike nevertheless negotiated for peace whenever possible. The Cold War was escalating but he negotiated for better relations with the Soviet Union from a position of military strength, an effort undermined by the death of Stalin in 1953. In the same year, Ike signed a truce which rough armed peace in South Korea. In further efforts to conciliate with the Soviets, Ike invited Nikita Khrushchev to the Presidents Camp David retreat in Marylands Catoctin Mountains to discuss Khrushchev’s demands for Western allies to get out of Berlin. Kruschchev did agree to lift his ultimatum, which positive response was cut short in 1960 when the Russians shot down an American U-2 spy plane. (â€Å"Eisenhower: soldier of peace†) It led to public humiliation for Ike, but it emphasized his desire to maintain world peace. He developed his â€Å"atoms for peace† program which was designed to develop uranium for peaceful uses. He also urged conservative military spending, pushing for enough military strength to ensure national security while monitoring potentially dangerous military spending policies. (â€Å"Dwight D. Eisenhower†) It was during his second term that he issue orders to desegregate schools, a significant landmark in the civil rights movement, which was also carried out in the Armed Forces. He declared that There must be no second class citizens in this country. Ike was chronically ill, but he was a vigorous man and when he finally succumbed on March 28, 1969, he was almost 80 years old. (â€Å"Dwight D. Eisenhower†) His popularity was such that he could have run for a third term if he wanted two and if the 22nd Amendment prevented him from doing so. (â€Å"Eisenhower: Soldier of Peace†) II. Criticisms Despite his popularity during his two terms, Ike was constantly being criticized by political analysts for his â€Å"middle-ground† stance and was characterized as a â€Å"caretaker† president who did not really get much done. (Watson and Berger) In fact, in the 1970s Ike’s presidency characterized as the Eisenhower doll: â€Å"You wind it up and it does nothing for eight years. † With the myopia of near history, many believed that Ike concentrated on keeping the status quo in military, social and economic issues. Of particular damage was his handling of Senator Joseph McCarthy, who was condemned for his extreme anti-communist views and what is termed a â€Å"witch hunt† for Soviet spies within the government. (Ansary) â€Å"â€Å"I am convinced that the way for me to defeat Senator McCarthy is to ignore him,† Eisenhower noted in a personal memo in April 1953. † (â€Å"Eisenhower: soldier of peace†) He was seen uninvolved and ineffective in the day-to-day running of the country. He often delegated such decisions to his aides and advisors and was widely considered to spend most of his days in pleasurable pursuits such as golf, social functions and vacations. Politically, he was aloof and he made no secret of the fact that he disliked politics and politicians, and made many decisions which made him politically vulnerable. He once said that the â€Å"only thing successful politicians had in common was that they married above themselves. † (qtd. in Madonna and Young) The 1961 Time Magazine article â€Å"The Debits† enumerated some of the specific issues. Ike was said to have been unable to implement a workable farm program, resulting in an annual $9 billion cost of price supports and food storage, from the $1. 5 billion at the end of Harry Truman’s term. The tax policies were also criticized because Ike showed no interest in reforming outdated, piecemeal tax laws, preferring to concentrate on balancing the federal budget and reducing debt. His failure to promote the rule of law in his foreign policy and practical politics that would make him politically viable was also attacked. It is suggested that such criticisms stemmed from Ike’s belief that in his dual role as head of state (which unifies and symbolizes the nation) and head of government (political decision maker), the former should be prominent while the latter should be hidden, a governing style now referred to as the hidden hand presidency. (Madonna and Young) It also explained why in 1962, Ike ranked 22nd of 35 presidents despite his apparent popularity and military hero status. III. Discussion The upward revision on Ike’s poll ranking may well be due to what is referred to as â€Å"hindsight. † Many of his policies made little sense to his contemporaries and the public during his two terms. However, later events proved that Ike was a man who was more than he appeared to be, and that his policies had a sound basis. Ike was first and foremost a military man. He realized from his campaigns that military preparedness was crucial to a nation’s security, and took great pains to ensure that the state of military strength during his presidency was adequate. However, he was also a staff man, so he was aware of the potential dangers associated with unbridled military spending and took steps to ensure that there was balance between necessity and spending. His knowledge of war would also account for his efforts to avoid it breaking out as much as possible. As a soldier and campaign strategist, Ike had to deal with the casualties and collateral damages of war, and sought â€Å"peace with justice† (â€Å"The Debits†). He was unable to prevent the Cold War from escalating or the Cuban missile crisis that bore fruition in Kennedy’s term with such disastrous results, but he never stopped trying, an attitude which recent anti-war sentiment fully supports. Because he was a soldier, Ike probably loathed admitting physical weakness, but later accounts both from his personal memoirs and from other sources revealed that Ike suffered from several, severe health crises associated with gastrointestinal problems and heart disease. It was little known at the time, but Ike’s health gave him a lot of trouble, and he was said to have suffered anywhere up to 7 cardiac episodes. However, because this was not widely known at the time, his recuperative periods were misinterpreted by his critics as part and parcel of his â€Å"caretaker† governing policy. In particular, his 12-day stay in the presidential retreat in Key West from December 28, 1955 to January 8, 1956 was illustrative of how circumstances could be grossly misleading. Far from being on a repairing lease, Ike’s visitors and schedule showed how hard we worked even when he was supposed to be resting. (Madonna and Young; Watson and Berger) It was this as well as other documentary evidence that was later revealed which showed how much more deeply Ike’s â€Å"hidden hand† was in the various pies in political decision making and policy formulation, although his aim was to provide general policy guidelines than specific policies. Scholars now concede that Ike had a good grasp of most situations and made sound decisions that allowed him to keep his options open and yet enabled him to act decisively when necessary. (Madonna and Young) It is well to consider as well that of the presidents three had great military reputations in actual war prior to ascending to the presidency and subsequently consistently ranked high in the polls. These were Washington, Jackson and Theodore Roosevelt. A fourth was Eisenhower, whose 1962 below average ranking was revised in later polls. This would seem to indicate that those who were great military prowess were likely to become good presidents when they are elected into office. While their styles of governing are widely divergent, they were all practical and sensible decision makers in times of crisis. (Schlesinger) In Ike’s case, he chose to be relatively low profile in such decisions. John Dean in his 2001 article â€Å"Ranking presidents – utter nonsense or useful analysis? † points out that polls such as the ones undertaken by the Schlesingers were without any consistent basis for the criteria used by the surveyed scholars. Even with efforts to benchmark the results, the results remain largely subjective and vague, making it difficult to provide comparisons within the polls as well as between polls. The fact that it was a survey of scholars it was by no means a reflection of the general public’s opinion of Ike’s presidency. In fact, Ike was very popular when he left office and retained the admiration of the public as a man of integrity, strength and modesty. (â€Å"Dwight David Eisenhower†) However, in the case of Dwight Eisenhower, existing documents and later events do seem to provide a basis for his rise in the polls. It may well be that the 1962 Schlesinger Sr. poll and the 1996 Schlesinger Jr. poll is an accurate reflection of the political and social climate of the respective time period. IV. Conclusion It has been said that one can miss the forest for the trees; in retrospect, it seems clear now that Ike’s politically unpopular â€Å"centrist† image was deliberate. It allowed him to move silently away from the limelight to make crucial policy and political decisions. Because he had projected himself as an ineffective president, he was able to put his policies forward without being targeted by his critics of being its author. Despite the criticisms, Ike retained his popularity, no doubt as a result of his war record, his subsequent pacifist attitude as president and his widely known dislike of political posturing. In retrospect, he was more effective for his â€Å"hidden hand† style of governing than was initially suspected, as evidenced by the 1996 poll undertaken by Schlesinger Jr. , considered a more accurate reflection than that of his father’s 1962 survey. Works Cited â€Å"Dwight D. Eisenhower. † The White House. 6 November 2007 http://www. whitehouse. gov/history/presidents/de34. html. â€Å"Dwight David Eisenhower. † Findarticles. 2005. 6 November 2007 http://findarticles. com/p/articles/mi_gx5221/is_2005/ai_n19136311/print. â€Å"Eisenhower: Soldier of Peace. † Time. 4 April 1969. 6 November 2007 http://www. time. com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,839998-9,00. html. â€Å"Ike’s Presidential Legacy. † Eisenhower Memorial Commission. 6 November 2007 http://www. eisenhowermemorial. org/legacyreport/presidential-legacy. htm. â€Å"The Debits. † Time. com. 27 January 1961. 6 November 2007 http://www. time. com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,826765,00. html. Ansary, Tamin. â€Å"Who Was the Greatest President? † Encarta. MSN. com 2007. 6 November 2007 http://encarta. msn. com/encnet/features/columns/? article=greatestpresident. Dean, John â€Å"Ranking presidents Utter Nonsense or Useful Analysis? † FindLaw. 11 May 2001. 6 November 2007 http://writ. news. findlaw. com/dean/20010511. html. Madonna, G. Terry Young, Michael. â€Å"Why George Bush Should Like Ike. † Real Clear Politics. 19 October 2007. 5 November 2007 http://www. realclearpolitics. com/articles/2007/10/why_george_bush_should_like_ik. html. Murphy, Arthur. â€Å"Evaluating the Presidents of the United States. † Presidential Studies Quarterly 14 (1984): 117-126. Schlesinger, Arthur Jr. â€Å"Rating the Presidents: Washington to Clinton. † Political Science Quarterly 11. 2 (Summer 1997): 179-90. Watson, Robert Berger, Dale. â€Å"Reconsidering Ikes Health and Legacy: A Surprising Lesson in Duty at the Little White House Residential Retreat. † The Eisenhower Institute. Gettysburg College. 6 November 2007 http://www. eisenhowerinstitute. org/publications/opinions__editorials/Watson_Berger_Reconsidering. dot.

Independent Novel Essay on Pride and Prejudice -- essays research pape

Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice â€Å"It is truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good fortune, must be in want of a wife.† This quote out of the novel is the very first sentence and is also one of the themes of this novel. Though it may seem like a strange theme it was actually quite good, if not great. It gave the story funny moments, unsure twists, and a type of romantic adventure that almost every girl loves. The theme is simple, yet keeps the audiences interested and involved in thinking what will happen next. Another theme that the novel has is the idea of not judging people by their overall facade, but looking closer into what is truly going on, and in the process of doing that finding yourself as well. Though that theme may be a little difficult to recognize because young ladies in this novel, mainly the Bennet girls, generally think of nothing other than finding a good husband. Though that may be the case, this theme is still visible in the text. There was only one Bennet girl, Elizabeth Bennet, who did not constantly think of finding a husband and was the same young lady that had to read between the lines not only to find herself but to also reveal her love for another. On top of that Elizabeth Bennet, had a mind of her own and had opinions that some women did not think to be â€Å"civil† for that time period. Yet her opinions were very down to earth and honest. That surprised and fascinated a certain gentleman, a Mr. Darcy. It gave h...

Just War Theory as Applied to Operation Just Cause Essay -- American F

Since its inception as a country in 1776 the United States has carried a tainted record in conducting just operations involving regime changes to achieve the goal of timely creating a minimally just political community. For example, on one hand the U.S. has been a part of one of the most just, successful, and commendable regime changes in history when they helped defeat and reconstruct Japan and Germany after World War II. On the other hand the U.S. has been a part of one of the worst and unjust operations conducted in history involving Cuba and the Bay of Pigs invasion. Between these two extremes there are many other operations which focused on the goal to change a regime where their rightness has been called into question based on one or more aspects of the just war theory. Just war theory is explained best by author, Brian Orend, and states that, â€Å"sometimes, it is at least morally permissible for a political community to go to war and features a goal to restrain both the in cidence and destructiveness of war† (Orend, 31). One of these operations where the rightness of the invasion was called into question is Operation Just Cause. Operation Just Cause was the invasion of Panama by the United States in December of 1989. The operation was spearheaded by President George H. W. Bush and its goal was to replace the current leader of Panama, General Noriega, with the rightfully elected new leader, Guillermo Endara. Manuel Noriega had close ties with the United States throughout the years by serving as an informant and asset to the U.S. against the Soviet Union during the Cold War. His efforts included sabotaging the Soviet supported governments in both El Salvador and Nicaragua, which helped reduce Soviet control in Central America (... ... to war under jus ad bellum, the question must be answered as to whether the United States followed the principles of jus in bello, which is adhering to the right conduct in the midst of battle (Orend, 105). Jus in bello is divided into two types of rules—internal and external, and the responsibility of following these rules rests in the hands of a state’s armed forces, rather than its political leaders. Internal rules concern how a state during war should treat its own citizens, while external rules concern how a state should conduct itself in the midst of war regarding the enemy state and its civilians (Orend, 106). In assessing if the U.S. followed the principles of jus in bello, a focus will be placed on the external rules rather than the internal rules because the invasion was not a serious war and was ultimately limited to one day that was limited to Panama.

Costs and Manufacturing Overhead

1. How much overhead cost would be saved by outsourcing production of muffler-exhaust systems and oil pans if a. Overhead costs were entirely fixed costs?$0 would be saved because fixed costs do not affected by reduced number of labor caused by outsourcing. b. Overhead costs were entirely variable costs? (How is volume of activity measured at Bridgeton? Why is volume not measured by simply counting units produced?) All of them would be saved. If using numbers in 1988 for estimate, (5,766,000+6,532,000)*434% = $53,373,320 would be saved.Bridgeton accumulates all manufacturing overhead costs into one cost pool, and use direct labor dollar cost as the allocation measure to apportion the overhead costs in the cost pool.Unlike direct labor and direct material costs that can be traced to specific products, overhead costs could be administrative and manufacturing related so that not all of them are involved in ACF’s production. Therefore, there isn’t a high degree of correlati on between the units produced and the amount of manufacturing overhead used.2. How much overhead cost do you think Bridgeton and the consultants implicitly assumed would be saved by outsourcing muffler-exhaust systems and oil pans? They expect all overhead specific to product line of Muffler – Exhaust systems and oil pans would be saved, which is ($5,766,000+6,532,000)*434% = $533,733,20 (using 1988 data for estimate).3. Calculate the overhead allocation rate for each of the model years 1988 through 1990. Are the changes since 1987 in overhead allocation rates significant? Why have these changes occurred? a) divide total overhead ($) by total direct labor ($) showed in Exh.2 to get overhead rate. | 1987| 1988| 1989| 1990|Overhead Rate| 437% = 107,954/24,682| 434% = 109,890/25,294| 577% = 78,157/13,537| 563% = 79,393/14,102| Costs and Manufacturing Overhead Bridgeton Industries Case Assignment Questions1. How much overhead cost would be saved by outsourcing production of muffler-exhaust systems and oil pans if a. Overhead costs were entirely fixed costs?$0 would be saved because fixed costs do not affected by reduced number of labor caused by outsourcing. b. Overhead costs were entirely variable costs? (How is volume of activity measured at Bridgeton?Why is volume not measured by simply counting units produced?) All of them would be saved. If using numbers in 1988 for estimate, (5,766,000+6,532,000)*434% = $53,373,320 would be saved.Bridgeton accumulates all manufacturing overhead costs into one cost pool, and use direct labor dollar cost as the allocation measure to apportion the overhead costs in the cost pool.Unlike direct labor and direct material costs that can be traced to specific products, overhead costs could be administrative and manufacturing related so that not all of them are involved in ACF’s production. Therefore, there isn’t a high degree of correlation between the units produced and the amount of manufacturing overhead used.2. How much overhead cost do you think Bridgeton and the consultants implicitly assumed would be saved by outsourcing muffler-exhaust systems and oil pans? They expect all overhead specific to product line of Muffler – Exhaust systems and oil pans would be saved, which is ($5,766,000+6,532,000)*434% = $533,733,20 (using 1988 data for estimate).3. Calculate the overhead allocation rate for each of the model years 1988 through 1990. Are the changes since 1987 in overhead allocation rates significant? Why have these changes occurred? a) divide total overhead ($) by total direct labor ($) showed in Exh.2 to get overhead rate. | 1987| 1988| 1989| 1990|Overhead Rate| 437% = 107,954/24,682| 434% = 109,890/25,294| 577% = 78,157/13,537| 563% = 79,393/14,102|

Free Essays on Adjustments

College life thus far has been an entirely new experience for me. From letting go of my Mom and moving away from home and finally getting settled in then realizing that your new roommate is a major drug dealer and having to move again, on top of having hard classes and not knowing your way around town, college life has defiantly been an experience. These are some of my frustrations and adjustments to college life that I have had to go through so far. Moving away from home was harder than I thought it would be. At first, I was so excited and thrilled about finally getting to move out on my own. I have always been close to my mom and now was the time to let go and be a â€Å"big girl†. When I got here I had doubts about everything. Am I going to be able to do this? Is college life for me? I started to pick apart and analyze this new situation I had been dealt, and then my mom stepped in, â€Å"Mija, you going to do great. Everything will fall into place, don’t worry.† â€Å"Okay Mom, I can handle it.†, I said. Still, moving in was hard enough besides the extra â€Å"perks† I got. When I finally got moved in and all settled, my new roommate enters the room stumbling. She said it was jet lag from the plane to explain to my mom, but I knew better. It seemed that my new roommate had a drug abuse problem. Once, I sat down with her to talk about it; it was like talking to a brick wall. She did not understand where I was coming from, that I did not appreciate her drug usage in my room, nonetheless selling it out of my room. I ended up telling the resident assistant, opening a can of worms. â€Å"It is a problem here at Chisholm Hall, and has always been overlooked†. I talked to the resident director, campus police, and I received a room change to the forth floor. I then had to move all my belongings up two more flights of stairs. I thought, after this I should capable to handle anything else thrown in my direction. Classes in college are... Free Essays on Adjustments Free Essays on Adjustments College life thus far has been an entirely new experience for me. From letting go of my Mom and moving away from home and finally getting settled in then realizing that your new roommate is a major drug dealer and having to move again, on top of having hard classes and not knowing your way around town, college life has defiantly been an experience. These are some of my frustrations and adjustments to college life that I have had to go through so far. Moving away from home was harder than I thought it would be. At first, I was so excited and thrilled about finally getting to move out on my own. I have always been close to my mom and now was the time to let go and be a â€Å"big girl†. When I got here I had doubts about everything. Am I going to be able to do this? Is college life for me? I started to pick apart and analyze this new situation I had been dealt, and then my mom stepped in, â€Å"Mija, you going to do great. Everything will fall into place, don’t worry.† â€Å"Okay Mom, I can handle it.†, I said. Still, moving in was hard enough besides the extra â€Å"perks† I got. When I finally got moved in and all settled, my new roommate enters the room stumbling. She said it was jet lag from the plane to explain to my mom, but I knew better. It seemed that my new roommate had a drug abuse problem. Once, I sat down with her to talk about it; it was like talking to a brick wall. She did not understand where I was coming from, that I did not appreciate her drug usage in my room, nonetheless selling it out of my room. I ended up telling the resident assistant, opening a can of worms. â€Å"It is a problem here at Chisholm Hall, and has always been overlooked†. I talked to the resident director, campus police, and I received a room change to the forth floor. I then had to move all my belongings up two more flights of stairs. I thought, after this I should capable to handle anything else thrown in my direction. Classes in college are...

Impact of the Japan Tsunami 2011 Disaster on Tourism and Hospitality Industries

Impact of the Japan Tsunami 2011 Disaster on Tourism and Hospitality Industries Introduction Many countries of the world have witnessed catastrophic disasters of one form or another. However, some countries have had to deal with several destructive natural and man-made occurrences that have in turn hit the economic progress in those countries quite hard (Murata Katoh, 2010).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Impact of the Japan Tsunami 2011 Disaster on Tourism and Hospitality Industries specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Japan, for instance has experienced highly destructive disasters like high magnitude earthquakes, atomic bombs during the Second World War, tsunami, and nuclear crisis, coupled with numerous consequences of aftermath usually resulting in humanitarian crisis (Fraser, 2011).For Japan, Tsunamis are one of the most destructive phenomena due to its vulnerability. Tsunami is usually caused by the disturbances of the earth’s crust usually with a net vertical displacement of the ocea n base or its surroundings (Bradley Statler, 2011). Japan is currently the third largest economy world wide as well as one of the highest consumers of oil. This essay discusses short term and long term effects of the Tsunami on tourism and hospitality industries in Japan. It also focuses on the importance of a risk management strategic approach, the importance of applying risk plans and strategies like risk identification, analysis, monitoring, evaluating and reporting. Furthermore, the existing risk management processes and disaster recovery processes by the Japanese government and other business operations as well as the necessary risk management processes for the management of a business in vulnerable regions are explored. Short Term and Long Term Effects of the Tsunami It is important to note that most countries found along the major oceans and seas are the most vulnerable to the most destructive tsunami.Advertising Looking for essay on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Countries found along the Pacific Ocean have been the most affected but also those found along the Atlantic and Indian Oceans as well as in the Mediterranean Sea have felt the impact of tsunami (Satake Borrero, 2007). Most coastal regions in the Pacific countries are highly populated due to the fact that the inland regions are usually mountainous and inhabitable compared to the relatively flatland in the coastal areas (CRTWFSONTP NRC, 2011). Most economic activities in these countries involve international trade and a number of people operate large fleets of ships and the ports are well developed. The countries in the Pacific Ocean especially those with extensive continental coastal areas use small coastal ships as means of transport. This has necessitated the development of many small ports to facilitate inter-island economic activities. Japan for instance have numerous ports as well as well develope d shipbuilding facilities, nuclear energy plants, engineering structures, aqua culture industries, electric plants, refineries and other crucial structures and infrastructure (Fraser, 2011). With this wealth of resources, it is evident that Japan and other countries in the major oceans are socially and economically vulnerable to the effects associated with tsunami. The earthquake and subsequent tsunami that visited Japan in March 11, 2011 will remain one of the most destructive occurrences over a very long period of time.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Impact of the Japan Tsunami 2011 Disaster on Tourism and Hospitality Industries specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The earthquake was so huge that it read 8.9 magnitudes against the Richter scale setting off a massive tsunami (Prothero, 2011). Thousands of people have been confirmed dead, thousands have been displaced, similar range of number is still missing, and the infrastructure in the affected area has been massively destroyed. These have numerous short and long term economic and social effects both at the national and international level. The Dow Jones Industrial Average dropped far below the daily support level which ranges between 11,000 and 12,000. This has been a key indicator for most traders and economists and hence has significant implications. The price dynamics in any given market is of interest to participants and this has been witnessed in Japan as a result of the Tsunami crisis. They have been interested in determining the impact of the disaster on the Japanese as well as global economy (OECD, 2011). Market volatility increased significantly causing a drop in major currencies and indexes which in turn reversed all the gains that had been made earlier on. During the period, volatile short term impacts were felt with the dollar falling against the Japanese yen. The prices in the stock have rapidly dropped giving great opportunitie s only to those who may wish to buy shares. The general economic growth may decrease just for a short period of time as a result of the post-disaster effects.Advertising Looking for essay on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Tsunamis remain to be one of the most destructive phenomena usually with immediate and long-lasting effects. The recent Japanese tsunami caused great loss of lives and most coastal infrastructure were massively destroyed. The rice fields were swept away when the tsunami waves spread over 8 kilometers into the inland regions (Bradley Statler, 2011). The impacts of this natural phenomena range from human, social, economic, and cultural in nature. The immediate effects may be too shocking and raising much uncertainty. However, it is generally believed that the impacts and recovery efforts could turn to be beneficial to Japan and even help the country surpass initial productive levels. Impact of the Tsunami on the Tourism and Hospitality Industries The disastrous effects of the tsunami that occurred in Japan have had direct impacts on the transport and tourism sector worsening the risks posed by the effects of a staggering economic recession since 2008/2009 financial year (Jones Phili ps, 2011). Shortly after the earthquake and tsunami were reported, both the inbound and outbound travel arrangements by hundreds of people were canceled. This was expected to extend for many months due to the destruction caused by the tsunami and earthquake as well as the not-easy to fade fears of after-shock and similar catastrophic phenomena (Macdougall, 2011). A number of countries in the world advised their citizens to avoid travelling to Japan during the disaster period until they are advised otherwise. This had direct impact on the Japanese tourism industry. Regional tourism business association recorded reduced bookings from the affected regions of Japan (the North Eastern prefectures) and this was expected to go on for the better part of the year which will result in significantly low earnings. The tsunami also triggered fears across other regions in the Pacific and hence many tour arrangements had to be temporarily suspended which in turn affected the tourism sector in thos e countries (Bradley Statler, 2011). For instance, tourists from Thailand cancelled their trips to Japan for fear of another earthquake and tsunami and related chain of effects like the nuclear power crises. Other airlines cancelled their flights to Japan soon after the country was hit by the earthquake and tsunami. It is not possible to talk about the tourism sector without mentioning the hotel and hospitality industry (Satake Borrero, 2007). Furthermore, major tourist reception centers were temporarily closed as well as other recreation and entertainment events which had been scheduled had to be abruptly halted. This implied that the income that would be generated were lost as a result of the tsunami disaster. Many businesses and other investments were massively destroyed and hence several people lost their livelihoods. Their appetite for travel would definitely be lost as a result of the tragic occurrences in Japan. The beach resorts in the affected areas were thriving before t hey were virtually wiped out by the earthquake and the subsequent tsunami (OECD, 2011). During summer period, thousands of tourists would choose these as their destinations due to their attractive nature. The first class guest houses that shone on the Japan’s northeastern coastal region were no more after the devastating effects of the tsunami. The accommodation services were strategically located since most tourists visit this region to collect shellfish, take boat tours of the numerous islands covered with pine, as well as eat the oysters commonly found in the bay (Jones Philips, 2011). They have remained to be the major Japanese tourist trails but they were no more after the wrecking impacts of the disaster (Satake Borrero, 2007). The major coastal towns in the northeast of Japan were literally washed away by the 10-meter tsunami waves that extended almost 10 kilometers inland, crushing down executive buildings, taking thousands of lives, and subsequently causing massive loss of jobs (Jayasuriya McCawley, 2011). The train network has also been a major facilitator of tourist activities in Japan. However, the major stations were jumbled up with the connecting tracks along the coastal region having been torn away and twisted beyond any immediate repair. This has had immeasurable impact on both the hospitality and tourism industry in Japan, particularly the areas bearing the brunt of the tragic events (Bryant, 2008). Moreover, the major tourist attraction features like the outstanding cliffs on the island of Miyatoshima were brought down by the forceful force of the tsunami waves. The magnificent bridge connecting to the island was swept away and tourists will not be able to visit the island until it has been rebuilt (Macdougall, 2011). This has direct impact on the tourism industry as it will take a while before the tourists chose this destination. As an inducement to woo tourists to visit Japan, holiday prices will have to drop significantly implyin g that the sector will get very low overall revenues. Existing Risk Management Processes and Disaster Recovery Processes Despite the fact that mankind has been faced with catastrophic physical phenomena since antiquity, it is evident that little can be done to prevent natural occurrences (Murata Katoh, 2010). These may include earthquakes, floods, droughts, volcanic activities, hurricanes, and high-magnitude tsunami. Although they may happen infrequently, their human, social, and economic effects are usually detrimental. People in vulnerable areas have learnt how to adapt to the otherwise life-threatening conditions. Before man became inventive, such events were experienced passively with little if any effort to prevent them. However, as the years went by, humankind has made effort to reduce the negative impacts of such activities like the number of lives lost, and property destruction (Macdougall, 2011). There is need for proper planning in the vulnerable areas if the associated ri sks are to be significantly minimised. A number of factors must be considered when planning to deal with the tsunami crisis (Hebenstreit, 1997). Apart from understanding the physical orientation of the tsunami itself including how it is usually manifested in each specific geographic area, it is paramount to be acquainted with the general physical nature, social and cultural factors (Edgar, 2011). The areas in the identified vulnerable zones have relatively different degree of vulnerability from each other (OECD, 2011). The frequency of tsunami in the Pacific Ocean is usually very high and hence the regions in this part of the world have received much attention from the hazard management bodies. There is need to consider the possibility of a tsunami when initiating development projects in the coastal regions. Land use practices along the coastlines have been greatly influenced by the unfavorable conditions in the rural or interior regions which are most mountainous (Satake Borrero, 2007). Despite the willingness to risk, government agencies in these countries ought to encourage people to live in the interior of the country where they are assured of safety and minimal risk compared to the coastal regions (Prothero, 2011). This implies that governments should also distribute development projects to these areas in order to attract more people out of the comparatively populated coastal areas. Furthermore, the government agencies should introduce land use policies which regulate investments in the coastal area with an aim of reducing the impact of tsunami once it occurs (Hebenstreit, 1997). Areas which have been known to sustain the impacts of massive tsunami should be identified as the best area for investment. High risk regions should be classified as such and people as well as government discouraged from investing heavily. Planning is therefore very important both to the government and industry development regimes since it helps in minimizing hazards related to tsunami and other natural events. As already mentioned, technological advancements in the modern days have facilitated the prevention of massive destruction as a result of natural catastrophic phenomena. It is possible to tell the possibility of a tsunami using sophisticated technological instrumentation (CRTWFSONTP NRC, 2011). These devices are designed to collect important data which are in turn used to communicate warning signs of a probable tsunami. Countries in the vulnerable regions have developed ultramodern technologies for issuing warning signs (Edgar, 2011). These countries include the Soviet Union, Japan, the United States, and Canada. As a measure of enhancing preventive approaches, the countries have agreed to share sensitive but crucial information that may help in evading the impacts of tsunami and related disaster found in the Pacific (Hebenstreit, 1997). They have developed specific oceanographic centers for this purpose and strategic positioned so as to enhance th e accuracy of the data collected through regular observation and measurement (Satake Borrero, 2007). One of the major centers to have been developed is in Honolulu where there is the Pacific Tsunami Warning Center (PTWC) operated by the United States National Weather Service and is currently the most trusted international source of tsunami warnings (Tankut, 2009). This station is linked to other stations dealing with specific factors associated with tsunami. There are a number of separate stations for monitoring seismic waves, others for observing ocean/sea tides and numerous information dissemination centers spread across the entire Pacific Basin in the different member countries (Bryant, 2008). Basically, the International Tsunami Warning System aims to detect as well as tell the location/epicenter of major earthquakes occurring in the Pacific area, determine whether they have the potential of causing tsunami, and subsequently issue timely and effective warnings and other importa nt information to the concerned populations in order to reduce the hazardous effects on humankind and property (CRTWFSONTP NRC, 2011). The earliest information about the Japan earthquake and subsequent tsunami was disseminated by the PTWC. It is important to understand how this warning systems functions. First, any of the recognized seismic observatory system detects an earthquake of significant magnitude of about 6.5 or more on the Richter scale (Tankut, 2009). Such earthquakes usually draw a lot of interest for investigation. The next step is for the PTWC to gather sufficient data of an earthquake and then determine its magnitude. When the information indicates that a possible tsunami is a threat to the people living in a given region, a warning message is disseminated to other agencies which are responsible for transmitting to the members of the public (Kumar, 2009). Thirdly, it is the duty of these agencies to act in advance in determining the appropriate immediate measures tha t will help move people to safe areas. If in case the tide stations later reveal that the negligible tsunami was generated, the PTWC reverses earlier warning. In most Pacific areas where there are frequent tsunamis, several warning stations have been established (Satake Borrero, 2007). Although the tsunami warning systems cannot be said to be excellent in predicting tsunamis, they help in sensitising about the potential hazards of the tsunami and hence facilitate the conviction of the members of the public to evacuate (Bryant, 2008). It is through these warning systems that many lives have been saved from the devastating effects of the tsunami and other natural catastrophes. However, failure by the members of the public to have confidence in government agencies has caused varying awareness of the tsunami disaster. This has been occasioned by the use of inadequate data and knowledge to make over-warning of tsunami which in turn unnecessary alarms. Regular incidences of false warning s have caused laxity when it comes to responding to subsequent warnings (Murata Katoh, 2010). Often, failure to comply with warnings has resulted in unnecessary loss of lives and destruction of businesses. There is need, therefore, for the education of members of the public on the risks associated with tsunami. Fortunately, newer technologies are enabling more accurate prediction of tsunami and the potential risks. Necessary Risk Management Processes for the Management of a Business in Vulnerable Regions Being a seismically active region, Japan has over the ages enhanced its ability to deal with the various natural disasters associated with it like high-magnitude earthquakes, floods, tsunami, and so forth (Kumar, 2009). It has developed mechanisms of detecting as well as responding to such natural crises in order to minimize their potential impacts. For a long period of time now, the legal system in Japan has not taken into consideration the risk posed by natural disasters (OECD, 2 011). In 1961, the Basic Law for disaster management was developed. With the continued emergence of both natural and artificial disasters, the public sector risk management took center stage in such cases. In the 21st century, there is need to develop appropriate risk management processes that will help in the management of businesses in the vulnerable areas. Importance of a Risk Management Strategic Approach It is ultimately necessary to have risk management strategic approaches in place in disaster prone areas. Businesses by multinational corporations, small-medium sized enterprises, the public sector, as well as communities are prone to disasters which may be beyond the control of the management and the policy makers (Murata Katoh, 2010). These risks range from high prices of commodities and services, business and market conditions, disruption of operations, technological changes, natural catastrophes, and so forth. Available strategies that I would need to address these risks a re varied. In the case of natural disasters, there is need for strategic risk management approaches. Businesses should be prepared to respond accordingly to unexpected events by taking maximum precautionary measurers in advance (Edgar, 2011). The management should be able to deal with market volatilities associated with the disasters through the formulation of appropriate risk management strategic approaches. Importance of Applying Risk Plans and Strategies The risk plans and strategies must be applied in a systematic manner if risks are to be minimised and these include; Risk identification, Analysis, Monitoring, Evaluation and Reporting. The first step in setting up a formal risk management process involves the classification of factors that influence businesses in vulnerable regions. Next, the vulnerability to the various types of risks are analysed and the potential effects estimated. The associated losses help in the determination of possible benefits if risks are mitigated (Ja yasuriya McCawley, 2011). The success of risk management process requires continuous monitoring and evaluation of how the measures taken are performing. This implies that the formal risk management strategy is an ongoing process and hence calls for regular reports of how the business under consideration is performing. It is through these reports that new interventions are introduced in order to reduce risks and maximise the existing opportunities before the anticipated disasters strike. Conclusion Despite the fact that there has been advancement in technology over the past few decades, it is still not easy to issue timely warnings of earthquakes and tsunami in highly vulnerable Pacific regions like Japan. The impacts of the recent earthquake and tsunami in Japan are very significant. The effects were both short term and long term. However, the tourism and hospitality industries were the most affected with far reaching economic and social implications. About 25,000 thousand people w ere left dead as well as missing, and thousands were left injured as a result of the destructive tsunami triggered by the 9.0-magnitude earthquake. It has emerged from the discussion that the disastrous effects of the tsunami that occurred in Japan have had direct impacts on the transport and tourism industries. Shortly after the earthquake and tsunami were reported, both the inbound and outbound travel arrangements by hundreds of people were canceled. This was expected to have long-term effects on the tourism industry. Many countries have also advised their citizens against travelling to Japan during the disaster period. This has had direct impact on the Japanese tourism industry. The hospitality industry has also not been spared. Due to the reduced number of visitors into the country, many hotels and guest houses have recorded decreased number over the disaster period, particularly in the North Eastern prefectures. A number of effects on the tourism and hospitality industries have been discussed broadly in the paper. The paper has also pointed out the importance of risk management strategic approaches, the importance of applying risk plans and strategies like risk identification, analysis, monitoring, evaluating and reporting. Furthermore, the existing national and international risk management processes and disaster recovery processes by the member countries and how they function in vulnerable areas have been discussed. Therefore, it is evident that the recent tsunami disaster in Japan has directly affected both the tourism and hospitality industries and a lot of reconstruction will need to be done if they are to thrive all over again. References Bradley, P. K. Statler, M. (2011) Encyclopedia of Disaster Relief. SAGE Bryant, E, (2008) Tsunami: the underrated hazard. 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